How the electric guitar makes sound
The string disturbs a magnetic field and a current grows in the coil — the soundbox retires, the pickup clocks in
Related
Over a hundred instruments are done in this section, and nearly all of them make sound by something vibrating into air.
The electric guitar's strings vibrate too — but it never lets the air hear them.
「电吉他与传统吉他不同,不是以箱体的振动发声,而是运用了电磁学原理,它的琴身是实心的木头,而非空的音箱。」
⭐⭐ This page is the sound principle of the electric guitar. One line: the string disturbs a magnetic field, and a current grows in the coil.
| Class | Assignment |
|---|---|
| HS class | Chordophone(plucked)· via electromagnetic pickup into an electric signal — ⭐ the original vibration is still the string, but the air never hears it(filed under the electronic section by plan, since its「instrument voice」is born after the pickup) |
| In one line | ⭐⭐ the soundbox retires; the pickup clocks in — mechanical vibration → signal → amplification → sound |
| Commercial history | 1935 Gibson ES-150(hollow)· 1941 Les Paul "log"(solid prototype)· 1948 Fender Broadcaster/Telecaster(first on the market)· 1952 Les Paul solid · 1954 Stratocaster · 1951 Precision Bass |
| Also | The electronic section's「early electronic」list(its voice passes through pickup and amp) |
⭐⭐ The main line: the string disturbs a field, the coil grows a current
Acoustic guitar: string vibrates → soundbox resonates → the air hears. Electric guitar: string vibrates → the field is disturbed → a current grows in the coil → amp → the air hears.
「当被磁化的吉他弦振动时,引起拾音器上线圈磁通量的变化,从而在线圈中产生不同频率的电流——当这些电流通过电子音箱还原时,就成了电吉他的声音。」
⭐⭐ Inside the pickup: 「内部包含永磁体与数千匝铜线绕制的线圈」. ⭐ A single-coil carries 「四或六块永磁体,绕 7000 至 10 000 匝 0.06 毫米细铜线」.
⭐⭐ And a lovely reversal of direction:
「导线在磁场中移动会产生电流——自行车发电机就是这个原理。拾音器也用这个原理,区别在于:不是导线在磁场里动,而是磁场在导线周围动,线圈保持固定」.
⭐⭐ The string's vibration keeps disturbing the field → the coil grows an alternating current proportional to it. The string is not "sounding" — it is "signalling".
⭐⭐ Why the body is solid: feedback forced the design
The earliest electric guitar was hollow + pickup. It had one fatal flaw:
「早期『空心电吉他』……有着很强的 feed-back 回授效应—— 使用时常会产生不需要的声音」.
⭐⭐ Les Paul's fix was brutal and brilliant(1941):
「他将一把 epiphone 的 f 孔空心吉他切成两半,再将一块实心木块贴在中间,然后将两个拾音器固定在这块实心木块上,做成了有名的 log 吉他—— 他发现回授的问题再也没有发生了」.
⭐⭐ The solid body's motive was not tone — it was killing feedback— (and the by-product: a solid body 「抑制高增益放大时的反馈啸叫」 and 「显著延长琴弦振动的持续时间」 — sustain got longer.)
⭐ Commerce followed: 1941 log(prototype)→ 1948 Fender Broadcaster(first sold, soon renamed Telecaster)→ 1952 Les Paul solid → 1954 Stratocaster. ⭐ 1951 Precision Bass — the first electric bass: 「电贝斯让传统低音提琴在几个品类里几乎绝迹」.
⭐⭐ The humbucker: a part whose name is its mission
Single-coils have a birth defect — they are also little radios:
「所有磁性拾音器都会拾取环境中通常不想要的电磁干扰(EMI)——市电 hum, 50 或 60 赫兹;这种哼声在单线圈拾音器上特别强」.
⭐⭐ The double-coil's fix is beautiful engineering:
「两组相同的线圈反相串联,磁铁极性相反——干扰哼声两组线圈都收到,结果一组抵消另一组的哼声(buck the hum,名字由此而来);为防止弦感应的信号也被抵消,两组磁铁方向相反 → 两路电流相加,信号强度是单线圈的两倍」.
⭐⭐ But there is a tonal price: 「双线圈听起来更暗、更低、更中庸——两个磁极间的距离使弦感应出两个略不同的信号,某些高频相互抵消」.
⭐⭐ A part whose name is its mission(humbucker = buck the hum), and the「fatter」tone it threw in for free became rock's bedrock.
⭐⭐ Flaw into signature: feedback became the lead sound
Feedback was the hollow body's flaw. Then:
「Ted Nugent 早期所使用的 birdland 即此种(空心)吉他, 但 Ted Nugent 能控制此种回授而成为他的演奏技巧之一」; in the late 60s, 「吉他手开始故意制造回授」.
⭐⭐ Same family as the matouqin moving its bow outside the strings: turning the 「unwanted」 into the 「signature」. What separates an artist from a craftsman is often whether the flaw can be played.
⭐⭐ The pedal chain extended the freedom: 「60 年代末,吉他手把独立前级的增益调大,产生 fuzz 音色」; 「哇音踏板让演奏者用脚调整音色」; stompbox family:「立体声合唱 · fuzz · 哇音 · 镶边 · 压缩/延音 · 延迟 · 混响 · 相位偏移」— ⭐ the sound can be rewritten before it is even amplified.
⭐⭐ The digital era: even the pickup need not be magnetic
「2002 年 Gibson 宣布第一把数字吉他——内部完成模数转换,可用标准以太网线直连电脑」; 「2003 年 Line 6 Variax 用压电拾音器取代电磁拾音器, 内置电脑可建模多种乐器的声音」.
⭐⭐ From "string disturbs field" to "string presses a piezo" — seventy years from electromagnetic to piezo to digital.
Recap: three sentences on the principle
| Q | A |
|---|---|
| ⭐ The key point | ⭐⭐ the string disturbs a field, the coil grows a current — 「不是以箱体的振动发声,而是运用了电磁学原理」; the soundbox retires, the pickup clocks in |
| ⭐⭐ The pickup | ⭐ permanent magnets + thousands of turns of fine wire(single-coil: 7,000–10,000 turns of 0.06 mm); ⭐⭐ the reversal: not the wire moving in a field, but the field moving around the wire(a bicycle dynamo used the other way round) |
| ⭐⭐ The humbucker | ⭐⭐ two coils, out-of-phase, opposite magnet poles → hum cancels, string signal adds(twice the strength)— the name is the mission(buck the hum); ⭐ tonal price: darker, bassier, some highs cancel |
| ⭐⭐ The solid body | ⭐⭐ Les Paul's log(1941): cut a hollow guitar in half, glue a solid block between → feedback gone — the motive was not tone, it was killing feedback; by-product: longer sustain |
| ⭐⭐ Flaw → signature | ⭐ Ted Nugent controlled feedback into technique; late-60s 「故意制造回授」— ⭐⭐ unwanted into signature(matouqin's bow-outside family) |
| ⭐ Pedals | fuzz · wah-wah(with the foot)· chorus · flanger · compressor · delay · reverb · phaser — ⭐ rewritten before amplification |
| ⭐ Digital era | 2002 Gibson digital guitar(Ethernet direct)· 2003 Variax(piezo pickups + onboard modelling) |
| ⭐ Bass | 1951 Fender Precision Bass — made the double bass nearly obsolete in several genres |
| HS | Chordophone(plucked)· via electromagnetic pickup(filed under the electronic section) |
The acoustic guitar's sound is a conspiracy of wood and air; the electric guitar's is a conspiracy of string and magnet.
⭐⭐ The wood only holds the string up — the act of sounding has moved from the body into the coil.
电吉他是弦鸣乐器(拨弦 · 钢弦),经电磁拾音转为电信号。标准六弦空弦 E-A-D-G-B-E;音高由有效弦长、弦上拉力与材料三要素决定;实心琴体不参与共鸣,故延音显著长于原声吉他。配合效果器链(失真、哇音、延迟、混响等),音色可大幅塑形。记录音高即实音(八度吉他等特殊调弦除外)。
Listen in the library
All tracks from midicn-lib — inline badge is the license tier (C1 commercial / C2 non-commercial / C3 study only).
Sources
- ⭐⭐ 主线:发声不走共鸣箱 —— 弦扰动磁场,线圈里长出电流(本页最该记住的一条) —— 「电吉他与传统吉他不同,不是以箱体的振动发声,而是运用了电磁学原理,它的琴身是实心的木头,而非空的音箱」;「当被磁化的吉他弦振动时,引起拾音器上线圈磁通量的变化,从而在线圈中产生不同频率的电流,当这些电流通过电子音箱还原时,就成了电吉他的声音」→ ⭐⭐ 弦的机械振动能 → 电信号 → 放大 → 扬声器还原为声能的链式反应
- ⭐⭐ 拾音器(pickup)的构造:「内部包含永磁体与数千匝铜线绕制的线圈;当金属琴弦在磁场中振动时,会扰动原有磁通量分布,依据法拉第电磁感应定律在线圈中产生与振动频率一致的交变电流信号」;⭐ 单线圈「有四或六块永磁体,绕 7000 至 10 000 匝 0.06 毫米细铜线」依专题类资料
- ⭐⭐ 一个漂亮的方向反转(与自行车发电机同原理、反过来用):「导线在磁场中移动会产生电流——自行车发电机就是这个原理。拾音器也用这个原理,区别在于:不是导线在磁场里动,而是磁场在导线周围动,线圈保持固定」→ ⭐⭐ 弦的振动持续改变磁场 → 线圈里长出与弦振动成正比的交变电流
- ⭐⭐ 实心琴体的由来(回授逼出来的设计):早期空心电吉他「拾音器只是用来放大它的声音」,但「有着很强的 feed-back 回授效应——使用时常产生不需要的声音」;⭐⭐ Les Paul 的 log(1941):「他将一把 epiphone 的 f 孔空心吉他切成两半,再将一块实心木块贴在中间,然后将两个拾音器固定在这块实心木块上做成了有名的 log 吉他,他发现回授的问题再也没有发生了」→ ⭐⭐ 实心琴体的动机不是音色,是消灭回授
- ⭐ 商业史的关键节点:「1920–1930 年间,有人试着将不同的拾音器装在吉他上」;「1935 年 Gibson 推出 ES-150 空心电吉他」;「1948 年 Fender 推出第一把上市的电吉他 Broadcaster(很快改名 Telecaster)」;「1952 年以 Les Paul 为名的实心电吉他问世」(「当初为爵士乐设计,后来被发现是弹重金属的绝好吉他」);「1954 年 Fender Stratocaster」;⭐ 1951 Fender Precision Bass——第一把电贝斯,「电贝斯让传统低音提琴在几个品类里几乎绝迹」依百科与专题类资料
- ⭐⭐ 单线圈 vs 双线圈(humbucker):名字里就写着它的使命 —— 「所有磁性拾音器都会拾取环境中通常不想要的电磁干扰(EMI)——市电 hum,50 或 60 赫兹(取决于当地交流电网频率)」;「这种哼声在单线圈拾音器上特别强」;⭐⭐ 双线圈(humbucker)的解法:「两组相同的线圈反相串联,磁铁极性相反——干扰哼声两组线圈都收到,结果一组抵消另一组的哼声(buck the hum,名字由此而来);为防止弦感应的信号也被抵消,两组磁铁方向相反 → 两路电流相加而非抵消,信号强度是单线圈的两倍」;⭐ 音色代价:「双线圈听起来更暗、更低、更中庸——两个磁极间的距离使弦感应出两个略不同的信号,某些高频相互抵消」依专题类资料
- ⭐⭐ 缺点变技法(与马头琴弓挪弦外同族):「Ted Nugent 早期所使用的 birdland 即此种(空心)吉他,但 Ted Nugent 能控制此种回授而成为他的演奏技巧之一」;60 年代末「吉他手开始故意制造回授」—— ⭐⭐ 空心琴的致命缺点,在会玩的人手里成了主音吉他的招牌
- ⭐ 效果器链(声音的「塑形」):「信号可以经一系列效果设备塑形」——「60 年代放大器内置混响与颤音」;「60 年代末,吉他手把独立前级的增益调大产生 fuzz 音色」;「哇音踏板让演奏者用脚调整音色控制」;典型单块效果「立体声合唱 · fuzz · 哇音 · 镶边 · 压缩/延音 · 延迟 · 混响 · 相位偏移」依专题类资料
- ⭐ 数字时代:「2002 年 Gibson 宣布第一把数字吉他——内部完成模数转换,可用标准以太网线直连电脑,消除线缆噪声并为每根弦提供独立信号处理」;「2003 年 Line 6 Variax 用压电拾音器取代电磁拾音器,内置电脑可建模多种乐器的声音」依专题类资料
- 「实心琴体抑制高增益放大时的反馈啸叫,并显著延长琴弦振动的持续时间(延音)」依专题类资料
- 「电吉他一般六弦(钢弦:1–3 弦实心钢丝,4–6 弦为缠绕弦);空弦音高 E-A-D-G-B-E;音高由有效弦长 · 弦上拉力 · 材料三要素决定」依百科类资料
Used for fact-checking only; all prose is original.