The MIDI controller
The instrument reduced to 「control」 alone — the sound may be absent, the bridge came before the river
Related
Dozens of sounding instruments have been written in this section. This page writes one that makes no sound — its whole job is to make other instruments sound.
「1990 年代,随着声音模块与软件合成器的普及,键盘演化为不含发声引擎的专用控制器。」
⭐⭐ This page is the MIDI controller — sixth of the digital-synth family. One line: the instrument reduced to 「control」 alone.
| Class | Assignment |
|---|---|
| HS class | the control end of the electrophone system(it makes no sound — a meta-instrument)· 25–88 keybeds · the common tongue after CV/Gate |
| Origin | ⭐⭐ 1981–83 — two fathers: Kakehashi(Roland)and Smith(Sequential) — UMI renamed MIDI |
| Two numbers | ⭐⭐ MIDI 1.0 stayed viable for nearly forty years(1983–2020) · both fathers received a Technical Grammy in 2013 |
| Bayin note | Outside the bayin — the bayin has no slot for it: it is the 「grammar」 that lets all instruments speak |
⭐⭐ The main line: the instrument reduced to control
「1990 年代,随着声音模块与软件合成器的普及,键盘演化为不含发声引擎的专用控制器——优先便携与兼容」.
⭐⭐ Before the MIDI controller, 「playing」 and 「sounding」 had never been separate — keys were tied to strings, reeds, oscillators; the sound had to happen at the press.
⭐⭐ The MIDI controller proved the pressed key could be merely a 「message」 — the sound could live elsewhere.
⭐⭐ Against the site's control history: voltage control turned control into a signal (Moog/Buchla); MIDI turned the signal into a common tongue — the MIDI controller is the keyboard form of that common tongue: its keys are not piano keys, they are telephone keys.
⭐⭐ The two fathers: a handshake across companies
「Roland 总裁 Ikutaro Kakehashi 觉得缺乏标准化在限制电子音乐行业的成长—— 1981 年 6 月向 Oberheim 提议(觉得 Oberheim 系统太笨重),又对 Sequential Circuits 总裁 Dave Smith 谈一个更简单便宜的替代」; 「Smith 与工程师 Chet Wood 写出 Universal Synthesizer Interface, 1981 年 10 月在 AES 展会发表」.
⭐⭐ Against the site's invention genealogy: invention is often 「one person's deed」 — but a standard must be 「a crowd's deed」. Kakehashi(president of a rival company)reached out to Smith(of another rival)— ⭐⭐ that handshake saved the industry: without MIDI, every maker would still be speaking its own CV dialect.
⭐⭐ The birth of the name: UMI → MIDI
「Kakehashi 喜欢叫它 Universal Musical Interface(UMI),发音 you-me—— 但 Smith 觉得这有点 corny;不过他喜欢用 instrument 而不是 synthesizer,提议 Musical Instrument Digital Interface(MIDI)」.
⭐⭐ Two insistence in one name: one wanted 「Universal」; the other wanted 「Instrument」 — ⭐⭐ 「Musical Instrument」 survived into the name of every MIDI file since. (And the 「Universal」 was achieved too — it just never entered the name.)
⭐⭐ NAMM 1983: two rival instruments talk for the first time
「1983 年冬季 NAMM 展会上,Smith 演示了 Prophet-600 与 Roland JP-6 之间的 MIDI 连接」.
⭐⭐ Two instruments from rival companies understood each other for the first time — against the 1V/oct standard war(the voltage-control page): this time no one's standard won — everyone built one together.
⭐⭐ The MIDI 1.0 spec was published in August 1983 — 「Kakehashi 与 Smith 于 2013 年获 Technical Grammy Awards」— the handshake was 1981; the honours waited thirty-two years.
⭐⭐ Forty years of MIDI 1.0(the ten-thousand-year bridge)
「原版 MIDI 1.0 协议在 2020 年 MIDI 2.0 引入前保持 viable 近四十年—— 音乐史上少有技术标准有如此普及的采用与持久的影响」.
⭐⭐ Against the site: the Telharmonium's technology was killed by its era · Fairlight went bankrupt · Sequential too — ⭐⭐ MIDI is the case of a technology outliving its companies: Sequential died in 1987; MIDI lives forever — inventors die, bridges do not collapse.
⭐⭐ The shapes of controllers(form only, no sound)
「键盘控制器是最常见的 MIDI 输入设备——25 键移动型到 88 键全配重」; 「多数有力度感应键,许多有触后——channel aftertouch(整个通道)或 polyphonic aftertouch(逐键)」; 「pitch bend 与调制轮」; 「synth-action 轻快适合电子乐 · weighted/semi-weighted 更有钢琴的阻力感」.
⭐⭐ Against the digital piano's three lines — the controller has one line only: make the touch complete, take the sound entirely away.
⭐⭐ USB MIDI(1999)and MIDI 2.0(2019)
「1999 年 USB-IF 与 MMA 合作引入 USB MIDI——把 MIDI 传输嵌入 USB Audio Device Class,免去专用串行接口」→ 「2000 年代平价 MIDI 控制器崛起——如 2002 年的 M-Audio Keystation 49e」; 「Akai MPK Mini 低于 $200——专业级特性对初学者可及」.
⭐⭐ MIDI 2.0(2019/2020): 「增强了双向通信与表现力」— ⭐ MIDI 1.0 was 「I send, you receive」; MIDI 2.0 devices can introduce themselves to each other.
⭐⭐ The Italian solo legend(Baglioni 1986)
「在意大利,MIDI 因 1986 年 Claudio Baglioni 的体育场巡演而获得特别知名度—— 艺术家以创新方式利用这项技术独自在舞台上表演,没有乐队也没有伴奏」.
⭐⭐ One person + a MIDI rig = a whole band — the earliest large-stage proof of the control/sound split.
Recap: three sentences on the MIDI controller
| Q | A |
|---|---|
| ⭐ The key point | ⭐⭐ the instrument reduced to control — 「键盘演化为不含发声引擎的专用控制器」; the key is a message; the sound lives elsewhere |
| ⭐⭐ The two fathers | ⭐⭐ Kakehashi(Roland)reached out to Smith(Sequential) — 「缺乏标准化在限制行业的成长」; invention is one person's deed; a standard is a crowd's |
| ⭐⭐ The name | UMI(you-me)deemed corny → Smith insisted on instrument → Musical Instrument Digital Interface — ⭐⭐ 「Musical Instrument」survived into every MIDI file's name |
| ⭐⭐ NAMM 1983 | Prophet-600 ↔ Roland JP-6 — two rival instruments understood each other for the first time; no standard won — everyone built one together |
| ⭐⭐ The万年bridge | ⭐⭐ MIDI 1.0 viable for nearly forty years(1983–2020) — Sequential died 1987; MIDI lives(technology outliving companies); 2013 Technical Grammys for both fathers |
| ⭐ The shapes | 25–88 keys · velocity · aftertouch(channel/poly)· pitch/mod wheels; synth-action vs weighted — ⭐ touch only, no sound |
| ⭐⭐ USB MIDI | 1999: embedded in the USB Audio Class → affordable controllers rose in the 2000s(Keystation 49e · MPK Mini <$200) |
| ⭐ MIDI 2.0 | 2019/2020 · bidirectional — ⭐ 1.0「I send, you receive」→ 2.0 devices introduce themselves |
| ⭐⭐ Baglioni | 1986 stadium tour, Italy — one person + MIDI = a band(the earliest large-stage proof of the split) |
| HS | the control end of the electrophone system(meta-instrument · silent) |
Before the MIDI controller, an instrument's value lay in 「what it can sound」; after it, an instrument's value could also lie in 「what it can command」.
⭐⭐ The bridge came before the river: first the grammar that lets instruments speak, then the thousand instruments that speak it —
this silent instrument is the public infrastructure of the whole digital-music age.
MIDI 控制器属电鸣系统的控制端(元乐器——本身不发声)。25/49/61/88 键规格,力度感应与触后(channel/polyphonic aftertouch);输出 MIDI 消息(note on/off · velocity · pitch bend · control change)经五针 DIN(31.25 kbps)或 USB。音域取决于接收端的音源——同一台控制器今天可驱动钢琴明天可驱动鼓机。键位映射即「音域」。记谱按接收端音源实音。
Listen in the library
All tracks from midicn-lib — inline badge is the license tier (C1 commercial / C2 non-commercial / C3 study only).
Sources
- ⭐⭐ 主线:乐器第一次只剩「控制」(本页最该记住的一条) —— 「1990 年代,随着声音模块与软件合成器的普及,键盘演化为不含发声引擎的专用控制器——优先便携与兼容」→ ⭐⭐ 在 MIDI 控制器之前,「演奏」与「发声」从没分开过——这件乐器证明:按下的键可以只是「消息」,声音可以住在别处(⭐ 这是「控制与发声分离」的终极一步——电压控制条把控制变成信号,MIDI 把信号变成通用语)
- ⭐⭐ MIDI 的双父(Kakehashi 与 Smith) —— 「Roland 总裁 Ikutaro Kakehashi 觉得缺乏标准化在限制电子音乐行业的成长——1981 年 6 月向 Oberheim 的 Tom Oberheim 提议开发标准(觉得 Oberheim 系统太笨重),又对 Sequential Circuits 总裁 Dave Smith 谈一个更简单便宜的替代」;「Smith 与 Sequential 工程师 Chet Wood 写出统一接口文档 Universal Synthesizer Interface,1981 年 10 月在 AES 展会发表」;「标准由 Roland · Yamaha · Korg · Kawai · Sequential 的代表讨论修改」
- ⭐⭐ 名字的诞生(UMI → MIDI) —— 「Kakehashi 喜欢叫它 Universal Musical Interface(UMI),发音 you-me——但 Smith 觉得这有点 corny(土);不过他喜欢用 instrument 而不是 synthesizer,提议 Musical Instrument Digital Interface(MIDI)」→ ⭐⭐ 一个名字的两个坚持:一个要「Universal」,一个要「Instrument」——最后「Musical Instrument」留在了每个 MIDI 文件的名字里
- ⭐⭐ 1983 NAMM:两台对手琴的第一次对话 —— 「1983 年冬季 NAMM 展会上,Smith 演示了 Prophet-600 与 Roland JP-6 之间的 MIDI 连接」→ ⭐⭐ 两台对手公司的琴第一次互相「听懂」——对照 1V/oct 的标准之争(voltage-control 条):这次不是谁的标准赢,而是大家共建一个
- ⭐⭐ MIDI 1.0 的近四十年(万年桥) —— 「原版 MIDI 1.0 协议在 2020 年 MIDI 2.0 引入前保持 viable 近四十年——音乐史上少有技术标准有如此普及的采用与持久的影响」;⭐⭐ 「Kakehashi 与 Smith 于 2013 年获 Technical Grammy Awards」——⭐ 对照 Telharmonium(技术被时代杀死):MIDI 是技术「活得比公司久」的案例(Sequential 1987 破产,MIDI 永生)
- ⭐⭐ MIDI 控制器的类型(只列形状,不发声) —— 「键盘控制器(keyboard controllers)是最常见的 MIDI 输入设备——25 键移动型到 88 键全配重」;「多数有力度感应键,许多有触后——「channel aftertouch(任何键的压力影响整个通道)或 polyphonic aftertouch(逐键控制)」;「pitch bend 与调制轮」;「synth-action 轻快适合电子乐 · weighted/semi-weighted 更有钢琴的阻力感」
- ⭐⭐ USB MIDI(1999):另一座桥 —— 「1999 年 USB-IF 与 MMA 合作引入 USB MIDI——把 MIDI 传输嵌入 USB Audio Device Class,免去专用串行接口」→ 「2000 年代平价 MIDI 控制器崛起——如 2002 年的 M-Audio Keystation 49e」;「Akai MPK Mini 低于 $200——专业级特性对初学者与爱好者可及」
- ⭐⭐ MIDI 2.0(2019/2020) —— 「MIDI 2.0 增强了双向通信与表现力,同时支持便携无线型号」——⭐ 双向:MIDI 1.0 是「我发你收」,MIDI 2.0 的设备可以互相「介绍自己」
- ⭐⭐ 意大利的独奏传奇(Baglioni 1986) —— 「在意大利,MIDI 因 1986 年 Claudio Baglioni 的体育场巡演而获得特别知名度——艺术家以创新方式利用这项技术独自在舞台上表演,没有乐队也没有伴奏」——⭐⭐ 一个人 + 一套 MIDI = 一支乐队:控制与发声分离的最早大规模舞台证明
- 「MIDI 控制器属电鸣系统的控制端(本身不发声——HS 分类之外的「元乐器」)」依 Hornbostel–Sachs 分类
Used for fact-checking only; all prose is original.