midicnInstruments 中文

The suona's regional schools

The shape of one reed decides the voice of a whole school

Fourteen aerophones are done in this section, and most of them are sorted by *form* — large, middle, small, reed or no reed.

Only the suona is sorted by the local shape of its reed.

「东北唢呐的哨片呈扇面形状,因而音色亮;而山东唢呐的哨片呈布袋形,吹出的声音也因此相对柔和。」

⭐⭐ This page is the schools overview for Suona — one main line: the shape of one reed decides the voice of a whole school.

ClassAssignment
HS classAerophone · double-reed · with definite pitch
Scope⭐⭐ the schools overview for Suona — no new instrument, only the regional threads from that entry gathered into one main line and one table
In one sentence⭐⭐ the reed is the soul part of the suona — 「在唢呐的几个构件中,哨片占有了至关重要的地位」
Bayinwood(the body is usually rosewood or sandalwood)

⭐⭐ The main line: three schools, three reeds, three voices

Put the three sentences together and the causal chain is complete:

SchoolReed shapeVoice
⭐ Northeastfan-shaped⭐ bright
⭐ Shandongbag-shaped⭐ comparatively soft
⭐ Henanfan-shaped, wide opening「不易控制,发音高亢响亮」

⭐⭐ The reed is the one part that cannot be standardised — 「手工制作的哨片成功率不及百分之十,即使是经验丰富的工匠,也不敢在制作过程中掉以轻心」.

⭐⭐ So whichever village's makers produce whichever reed, that village grows its own school.

The five schools in one line: 「以汉族唢呐为例,有粗犷浑厚的东北派、清脆明亮的山东派、热情朴质的河北派、厚重有力的陕北派和柔润风雅的潮州派」.

⭐⭐ Schools subdivide again: 「流派内部又会因演奏大师风格不同,再形成小流派——比如在安徽,民间唢呐就根据隋兰魁、张连升、刘凤鸣三位唢呐大师的演奏风格,在当地形成三个流派」.

⭐⭐ Each school's signature: all of them imitate something else

The most interesting thing here: not one school's signature technique is "make the suona sound like a suona" —

School⭐ SignatureImitates
⭐ Hebei箫音 · 三弦音⭐⭐ the suona imitating a xiao and a sanxian — 「这两种技法是河北流派的绝技」; 「弱奏时犹如洞箫之声」
⭐ Henanplaying opera⭐⭐ the human singing voice — 「旋律如人声唱腔——自如流畅、风趣幽默、韵味浓郁」
⭐ Shandong气吐音 · 弹舌音 · 气拱音 · 反弹舌音dozens of techniques that 「为乐曲增添了华丽的色彩」
⭐ Northeastthe sound made with the teeth biting the lips⭐⭐ Wang Qingzhong: 「东北的唢呐风格主要是豪迈,它特有的演奏技巧是用牙齿咬着嘴唇发出的声音」
⭐ Chaozhouslide · single tonguing · finger trill「音乐非常细腻、委婉……表现情感比较内在、含蓄」

⭐⭐ The Hebei line is worth a pause: the loudest instrument in the folk ensemble, and its highest art is to sound like a xiao. The suona is the loudest wind in the village — 「军听了军愁,民听了民怕」— ⭐⭐ and its supreme skill is to quiet itself down. One of the loveliest paradoxes in organology.

⭐⭐ Henan: playing opera grew a whole set of instruments

Henan has the richest material, because opera is its lifeblood:

「河南派唢呐受到豫剧、越调、二夹弦影响非常大,在河南派唢呐演奏当中 ⭐⭐ 吹戏也成为检验唢呐吹手的重要能力。」

⭐⭐ To play opera, Henan grew two instruments of its own:

Nazi(folk name「短家伙」)— 「主要由一个铜管芯子和一个类似唢呐哨片的大号哨子组成」: · the large nazi sounds low → imitates the painted-face and black-face roles(《包青天》《打金枝》) · the small nazi sounds high → imitates the female and young-male roles(《花木兰》《穆桂英挂帅》)

Mendi — 「竹子做的,音孔和唢呐一样有八个……发出来的声音柔和、憨厚,音色感觉上像管子」.

⭐⭐ One school, in pursuit of the human voice, branched into three instruments.

⭐⭐ And an identity-level detail: Henan carries a signature pitch 「♯4」— 「这个音在吹奏的时候要略低于十二平均律的『♯4』,音高在『4』与『♯4』之间」.

⭐⭐ A deliberately "wrong" note became the school's identity marker.

Henan further splits into four sub-schools(each with its own repertoire): Yubei(Anyang: 《将军令》《对胡儿》)· Yuxi(《过街俏》《大钉缸》)· Yudong(Kaifeng:《大开门》《小开门》, 「委婉、柔和」)· Yunan(Xuchang & Zhumadian:《云里游》《天下同》,「细腻、质朴」).

And the band's status is written into the wedding proverbs of Qinyang: 「大花轿、麻金吹,麻金不吹不结婚」「闺姑女、门婿到,毛旦不吹不上轿」.

⭐⭐ The band's name entered the preconditions of marriage itself.

⭐⭐ The Minxi pair: one male, one female

A rare scoring anywhere on this site:

「通常两支一起合吹列奏,称为『公吹』和『嫲吹』,构造相同,但长度和粗细有别, 『公』长『嫲』短,『公』粗『嫲』细,『公吹』的音色雄壮,『嫲吹』的发音空灵」。

⭐⭐ Two suonas are not "one after the other" — they are a pair, male and female — ⭐ the paired tradition shared with Hubei's witch-music(also two suonas).

⭐⭐ The Dazhu bamboo suona: not one piece of metal

The extreme case of local materials:

「数百年前,唢呐传入巴蜀,大竹人就地取材,用本地的竹子制作了唢呐」— 「哨由大竹县当地燕麦秆做成,杆子采用大竹县特产的罗汉竹制作,喇叭则由当地产的黄竹篾丝编织成形后,再刮灰涂上土漆」.

⭐⭐ Oat-straw reed, luohan-bamboo body, huangzhu-woven bell — not one piece of metal.

⭐ Compare the standard suona(reed reed + wood body + bronze bell): every material is different, and the instrument still works — ⭐⭐ which shows the suona's "self" is not its materials but the structure: a conical tube + a double reed + a bell.

⭐⭐ The 1993 live-core: putting the adjustable part into the hand

「1993 年,由著名管乐演奏家郭雅志先生发明了唢呐『活芯』装置,令传统唢呐奏出半音阶、十二音体系」.

⭐⭐ How it works: 「传统的芯子为单管式,而活芯为活动套式,可以伸缩改变长度…… 演奏时,通过双手向上压进活芯,便能奏出临时变化半音。如果把活芯推进、卡定,即可做高半音的移调乐器使用,指法不变」.

⭐⭐ Compare the niutuiqin: its sound post is turned by hand; the suona's live core is pressed by hand — ⭐⭐ two unrelated instruments both handed the "adjustable part" to the player's hands rather than to the factory.

⭐⭐ The Ming six-line indictment

The best writing on the suona is an attack on it:

「喇叭,唢呐,曲儿小,腔儿大。官船来往乱如麻,全仗你抬身价。军听了军愁,民听了民怕,哪里去辨什么真共假?眼见得吹翻了这家,吹伤了那家,只吹得水尽鹅飞罢。」 — Ming · Wang Pan,《朝天子·咏喇叭》

⭐⭐ 「曲儿小,腔儿大」— five characters, the site's most vivid summary of loudness.

⭐⭐ And 「军听了军愁,民听了民怕」— an instrument so loud it became the sound of power.

⭐ Six lines that capture an instrument's entire social energy — the sharpest passage in this site's sources.

Recap: three sentences on suona schools

QA
⭐ The key point⭐⭐ the shape of one reed decides the voice of a whole school — Northeast fan→bright · Shandong bag→soft · Henan wide opening→loud and ringing; ⭐ reed success rate under 10%, so schools follow the makers
⭐⭐ The five schools「粗犷浑厚的东北派 · 清脆明亮的山东派 · 热情朴质的河北派 · 厚重有力的陕北派 · 柔润风雅的潮州派」; ⭐ subdividing again by master(Anhui: three schools after Sui Lankui / Zhang Liansheng / Liu Fengming)
⭐⭐ Every signature imitates⭐ Hebei's xiao-tone / sanxian-tone(⭐⭐ the loudest instrument's highest art is to sound like a xiao)· ⭐ Henan's opera(the singing voice)· ⭐ the Northeast's teeth-on-lips · ⭐ A Hundred Birds(cuckoo, swallow, thrush, horse, sheep, chicken, a baby crying)
⭐⭐ Henan's branches⭐⭐ opera grew a set of instruments: nazi(「短家伙」, low imitates painted-face / high imitates female roles)+ mendi(sounds like a guan); ⭐ the signature 「♯4」 — 「略低于十二平均律」(⭐ a deliberately "wrong" note as identity marker)
⭐ The Henan proverbs「大花轿、麻金吹,麻金不吹不结婚」— ⭐⭐ the band's name entered the preconditions of marriage
⭐ Minxi⭐⭐ gong + mo, played as a pair: 「公长嫲短,公粗嫲细」, the gong majestic, the mo airy
⭐ Dazhu bamboo⭐⭐ not one piece of metal(oat-straw reed + luohan body + huangzhu bell)→ the suona's "self" is the structure: cone + double reed + bell, not the materials
⭐⭐ The 1993 live coreinvented by Guo Yazhi: a sliding core → press for semitones, lock for transposition(fingering unchanged); ⭐⭐ same idea as the niutuiqin's post: the adjustable part goes to the hand
⭐ The Ming indictmentWang Pan:《朝天子·咏喇叭》— 「曲儿小,腔儿大」(the site's most vivid summary of loudness)· 「军听了军愁,民听了民怕」(loudness as the sound of power)
⭐ Today2006 first batch of national intangible heritage · 1993 live core · 2024 the young and the international(first suona doctorate Liu Wenwen · the 2026 Spring Festival Gala)
Bayinwood(rosewood or sandalwood body)

In "A Hundred Birds Paying Homage to the Phoenix" you can hear a baby crying.

⭐⭐ This instrument was built to make the sounds of people, birds and everything alive —

which is why it split into so many schools: everywhere it went, it imitated whatever lived there.

The suona · one reed, one school reed shape decides timbre · hand-made success under 10% · schools follow the makers Northeast fan reed → bright teeth-on-lips · bold Shandong bag reed → rather soft air-tongue · spring tongue Henan wide opening → loud, ringing opera · nazi · mendi Hebei / Chaozhou xiao-tone · sanxian-tone → soft as a xiao Chaozhou: refined, inward slide · single tongue · trill ⭐ every signature imitates something else — none is proud of 「sounding like a suona」 Hebei: xiao & sanxian | Henan: the singing voice | A Hundred Birds: birds, livestock, a baby's cry hand-made reed success < 10% success < 10% ⭐ whichever village's makers produce whichever reed, that village grows its own school ⭐ Wang Pan: 「曲儿小,腔儿大」— the site's most vivid summary of loudness ⭐ the Hebei paradox: the loudest instrument, and its art is to sound like a xiao ⚠️ Schematic: reed shapes drawn from the text, not to scale.
C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8A3B5Common range A3–D5
Suona range (a D high suona · traditional eight holes · two octaves plus a major second)

唢呐属气鸣乐器(双簧驱动,锥形管 + 喇叭口)。传统唢呐八孔(前七后一),常用音域两个八度加大二度(D 调高音唢呐 a1–b3);按筒音音高分高音、中音、低音三种。加键唢呐(20 世纪 60 年代研制)按十二平均律开列音孔,健全半音,转调方便,分高音、中音、次中音、低音四种;1993 年郭雅志发明「活芯」装置,令传统唢呐奏出半音阶、十二音体系(压进奏半音、卡定成高半音移调,指法不变)。低音区厚实略带沙沙声;中音区刚健明朗;高音区响亮紧张。记谱即实音。

Listen in the library

单唢呐号子C30:26《单唢呐号子》 —— ⭐⭐「号子」:唢呐最普遍的舞台是劳动与民俗——「民间婚丧嫁娶中不可缺少的主奏乐器」,河南民间叫「响器班」;⭐ 东北大唢呐「常常在室外进行演奏,常与锣鼓等进行合作」(C3 · 仅限学习研究;库内无唢呐曲目录音,故取民歌作参照)Details大开门C30:17《大开门》 —— ⭐「开门」:豫东地区以开封为代表,流传曲目有《慢龙皇》《凡乙调》《大开门》《小开门》等,「演奏特点委婉、柔和」—— ⭐⭐ 河南四个支派各有各的曲目单(C3 · 仅限学习研究)Details西岐山高引凤凰C30:25《西岐山高引凤凰》 —— ⭐「引凤」:传统原版《百鸟朝凤》里「除了能听到布谷鸟、燕子、画眉等常见鸟叫声外,还有可能听到马、羊、鸡等家畜和婴儿的哭声」—— ⭐⭐ 唢呐是能模仿活物的乐器(C3 · 仅限学习研究)Details

All tracks from midicn-lib — inline badge is the license tier (C1 commercial / C2 non-commercial / C3 study only).

Sources

  • ⭐⭐ 本页是唢呐的流派专题,不引入新乐器,只把散在该条里的地域线索收拢成一条主线 + 一张流派表;⭐⭐ 主线:一个哨片的形状,决定一个流派的声音
  • ⭐⭐ 主线 · 哨片形状与音色的直接因果(本页最该记住的一条) —— 「东北唢呐的哨片呈扇面形状,因而音色亮;而山东唢呐的哨片呈布袋形,吹出的声音也因此相对柔和」;⭐⭐ 河南的也不同:「河南唢呐的哨片成扇面状,哨口较宽,不易控制,发音高亢响亮」→ ⭐⭐ 三个流派三个哨片形状,三个声音—— ⭐ 哨片是唢呐的灵魂部件:「在唢呐的几个构件中,哨片占有了至关重要的地位」
  • ⭐⭐ 五大流派一览(按文献归纳):「以汉族唢呐为例,有粗犷浑厚的东北派、清脆明亮的山东派、热情朴质的河北派、厚重有力的陕北派和柔润风雅的潮州派」;⭐⭐ 流派内部还会再分:「流派内部又会因演奏大师风格不同,再形成小流派,比如在安徽,民间唢呐就根据隋兰魁、张连升、刘凤鸣三位唢呐大师的演奏风格,在当地形成三个流派」
  • ⭐ 山东派:「演奏风格较为灵巧、华丽、圆滑、流畅,音乐细腻、委婉,音色高亢、明亮。在技巧的运用上非常丰富,常用的技巧有几十种。最具山东流派特色的技巧是『气吐音』『弹舌音』『吐屋音』『气拱音』『反弹舌音』等」;⭐⭐ 哨片呈布袋形 → 声音相对柔和依专题类资料
  • ⭐ 河北派:「运用的独特技巧——『箫音』和『三弦音』。所谓『箫音』就是指用唢呐来模仿箫的声音;而『三弦音』则是用唢呐来模仿三弦的音色。这两种技法是河北流派的绝技」;⭐「河北流派较为粗犷奔放、棱角鲜明、刚中有柔,在进行弱奏时犹如洞箫之声」—— ⭐⭐ 一件音量最大的乐器,绝技却是吹得像箫依专题类资料
  • ⭐⭐ 河南派(本页材料最足的一派):「用唢呐演奏戏曲音乐较为普遍,尤其是在模仿人声唱腔方面最为善长」;「其音色甜美、柔和、圆润,旋律如人声唱腔——自如流畅、风趣幽默、韵味浓郁」;⭐⭐ 河南派受豫剧、越调、二夹弦影响非常大,「在河南派唢呐演奏当中吹戏也成为检验唢呐吹手的重要能力」;⭐⭐ 两个河南特色乐器因吹戏而生:「呐子在河南民间地区又称为『短家伙』,它的构件特别简单,主要由一个铜管芯子和一个类似唢呐哨片的大号哨子组成——大呐子声音低,主要模仿花脸、红脸、黑脸等戏曲唱腔(曲目如豫剧《包青天》《打金枝》);小呐子声音高,主要模仿旦角、小生、青衣(曲目如《花木兰》《穆桂英挂帅》)」;⭐ 闷笛「是用竹子做的乐器,音孔和唢呐一样有八个……发出来的声音柔和、憨厚,音色感觉上像管子的音色」依专题类资料
  • ⭐⭐ 河南派的四个支派(连曲目单都不同):「按地域划分可以分为四个地区,分别是豫北、豫西、豫东、豫南」—— 豫北(以安阳为代表):《高头站》《罗戏娃娃》《大八调》《将军令》《对胡儿》;豫西:《过街俏》《大钉缸》;豫东(以开封为代表):《慢龙皇》《凡乙调》《大开门》《小开门》,「演奏特点委婉、柔和」;豫南(以许昌、驻马店为代表):《云里游》《宫花》《天下同》,「演奏特点细腻、质朴」依专题类资料
  • ⭐⭐ 河南派的三个演奏特点 + 一个特色音:「一是以筒音作『5』『2』的指法运用较多;二是运用借孔指法(即气顶音)来吹奏『5』『6』『7』;三是下把位泛音运用较多」;⭐⭐ 特色音『♯4』:「这个音在吹奏的时候要略低于十二平均律的『♯4』,音高在『4』与『♯4』之间,这也是河南派唢呐的演奏特色」—— ⭐ 一个"不准"的音成了流派的身份标识
  • ⭐ 河南的载体叫"响器班":「鼓吹班是一种在河南农村地区流行的特别是在婚、丧、嫁、娶中进行表演的鼓吹团体,当地也称为『响器班』,它是河南派唢呐发展的重要载体」;⭐ 沁阳俗语:「大花轿、麻金吹,麻金不吹不结婚」「闺姑女、门婿到,毛旦不吹不上轿」—— ⭐⭐ 唢呐班的名字直接进了婚俗谚语
  • ⭐⭐ 东北派:「东北大唢呐主要流传于黑吉辽三省份,由柏树木制成,分一尺三和一尺五两种」;⭐⭐ 柏木 vs 红木的音色变化:「柏木制的唢呐与红木唢呐相比音色也发生了本质性的变化,由饱满厚重的音色变为凄凉低沉」;⭐⭐ 一种别的乐器做不出来的技巧:「著名的唢呐演奏家王庆忠先生曾说过,东北的唢呐风格主要是豪迈,它特有的演奏技巧是用牙齿咬着嘴唇发出的声音」依专题类资料
  • ⭐ 陕北派:「陕北唢呐的演奏风格和传统唢呐有异曲同工之妙,多为大小唢呐同时演奏,高音唢呐叫『张字儿』,低音唢呐叫『拉筒筒』,与打击乐器锣鼓和笙的伴奏下进行吹奏」;⭐ 著名乐曲《西凉凉》《大摆队》等,「陕北唢呐的吹劲十足,让人酣畅淋漓」;⭐ 子长唢呐「吹奏基本遵循慢起、中续、快结尾的板式连接规律」,过渡音乐俗称「过鼓」或「叫板」「换板」依专题类资料
  • ⭐ 潮州派:「潮州唢呐的演奏特点是:音乐非常细腻、委婉,音色较为柔和、优美,表现情感比较内在、含蓄;在演奏技巧方面,潮州唢呐常用的技巧有『滑音』『单吐音』『指颤音』等。独特的哨片所产生出的别致音色,是潮州唢呐的独特之处」依专题类资料
  • ⭐⭐ 闽西大唢呐 · 公吹与嫲吹(一公一母的成对编制):「通常两支一起合吹列奏,称为『公吹』和『嫲吹』,构造相同,但长度和粗细有别,『公』长『嫲』短,『公』粗『嫲』细,『公吹』的音色雄壮,『嫲吹』的发音空灵」—— ⭐⭐ 全站少见的"成对一雄一雌"编制依专题类资料
  • ⭐⭐ 竹唢呐(就地取材的极端案例):「大竹竹唢呐,为川东大竹县月华乡独有的竹唢呐……数百年前,唢呐传入巴蜀,大竹人就地取材,用本地的竹子制作了唢呐」;⭐ 「哨由大竹县当地燕麦秆做成,杆子采用大竹县特产的罗汉竹制作,喇叭则由当地产的黄竹篾丝编织成形后,再刮灰涂上土漆」→ ⭐⭐ 整件乐器没有一处金属依专题类资料
  • ⭐⭐ 活芯装置(1993,让唢呐能吹半音):「1993 年,由著名管乐演奏家郭雅志先生发明了唢呐『活芯』装置,令传统唢呐奏出半音阶、十二音体系,丰富了唢呐的表现力」;⭐⭐ 原理:「传统的芯子为单管式,而活芯为活动套式,可以伸缩改变长度……演奏时,通过双手向上压进活芯,便能奏出临时变化半音或半音阶。如果把活芯推进、卡定,即可做高半音的移调乐器使用,指法不变」→ ⭐⭐ 牛腿琴的音柱靠手拧,唢呐的活芯靠手压 —— 两件乐器不约而同把"可调件"交给了手
  • ⭐⭐ 《朝天子·咏喇叭》(明代最好的唢呐文献):「明代王磐的《朝天子·咏喇叭》则是描述唢呐最好的文章」——「喇叭,唢呐,曲儿小,腔儿大。官船来往乱如麻,全仗你抬身价。军听了军愁,民听了民怕,哪里去辨什么真共假?眼见得吹翻了这家,吹伤了那家,只吹得水尽鹅飞罢。」→ ⭐⭐ 六句话写尽一件乐器的社会能量(曲儿小腔儿大五个字,是全站对音量最传神的概括)
  • ⭐⭐ 《百鸟朝凤》与模仿的上限:「唢呐演奏者不仅要能胜任独奏和伴奏场面,还能用唢呐模仿出人和动物的声音。在民间传统原版的《百鸟朝凤》中,除了能听到布谷鸟、燕子、画眉等常见鸟叫声外,还有可能听到马、羊、鸡等家畜和婴儿的哭声」→ ⭐⭐ 模仿人声与活物,是各流派共同的能力标尺(河南吹戏 · 河北拟箫拟三弦 · 东北咬唇 · 百鸟朝凤拟百鸟)
  • ⭐ 2006 年非遗与当代:「2006 年 5 月 20 日,唢呐艺术经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录」;⭐ 「2024 年,唢呐改变了其传统印象,受到年轻人及国际社会的广泛关注」;「中国首位唢呐博士、上海音乐学院副教授刘雯雯出身唢呐世家」;「2026 年除夕夜,刘雯雯登上总台春晚舞台」;⭐ 「专业教育体系日趋完善。上海音乐学院、中央音乐学院等高校已设立唢呐专业的本科、硕士乃至博士学位点」依专题类资料
  • 「唢呐属八音中的木(杆多花梨木 · 檀木)」依通行资料

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