A history of the guan
From a Kuchean herdsman's pipe to the master instrument of the Tang court — a journey of pitch standards
Related
Fourteen aerophones are done in this section, and most of their ancestors are Chinese — the Jiahu bone flutes, the Shang xun, the Zhou sheng.
Only this one's ancestor is in Xinjiang: it began as a Kuchean herdsman's pipe.
Tang · Duan Anjie,《乐府杂录》:「筚篥者,本龟兹国乐也。」
⭐⭐ This page is the history overview for Guanzi — one main line: from a Kuchean herdsman's pipe to the master instrument of the Tang and Song courts.
| Class | Assignment |
|---|---|
| HS class | Aerophone · double-reed · with definite pitch |
| Scope | ⭐⭐ the history overview for Guanzi — no new instrument, only the historical threads from that entry gathered into one line; ⭐⭐ it is not just an instrument — it was the pitch standard of the Sui-Tang court |
| Three names | ⭐⭐ bili(a transliteration from Kuchean · Wei-Jin through Tang-Song)→ touguan("head pipe", Yuan-Ming — a post, not a thing)→ guanzi(Qing to now — the thing itself)— three names, three chapters of history |
| Bayin | wood(wooden or bamboo body) |
⭐⭐ Origin: a herdsman's bone pipe
「筚篥最初是龟兹牧人的乐器,与胡笳、角、笛十分相似,最初以羊骨、兽角(如羊角、牛角)、鸟骨制作,后改用竹木材质。」
⭐⭐ The name is a straight transliteration of the Kuchean bili / pili — 「由古代西域龟兹人发明,名称也是从古龟兹语音译来的」.
⭐⭐ The earliest text: Southern Dynasties, He Chengtian《篡文》— 「必栗者,羌胡乐器名也」.
How it entered China:
「公元 383 年,前秦将领吕光出征西域,带回一个龟兹乐队,『筚篥』这件乐器就此传入中原。」
The《隋书》:「龟兹者,起自吕光灭龟兹,因得其声」.
⭐⭐ An instrument entered China with an army. And its route: 「筚篥作为佛乐伴奏乐器,西域僧侣通过河西走廊的凉州寺院等佛寺传播佛教音乐,随《龟兹乐》《天竺乐》等胡乐进入中原寺院,再扩散至民间」— ⭐ military band → temples → the folk.
⭐⭐ The Tang: it became the court's pitch standard
This is the crucial passage, because it is not about popularity:
「北宋陈旸《乐书》记载,筚篥用两根管构成,一根管可翻七个调,组合起来可实现旋宫转调。 ⭐⭐ 隋唐时期燕乐八十四调和燕乐二十八调都建立在筚篥这件乐器基础上,是乐队合奏时重要的定音乐器。」
⭐⭐ One wind instrument was the pitch standard of the whole court.
⭐⭐ And the hardest evidence sits in Shen Kuo's《梦溪笔谈》, quoting a pipa preface:
「琵琶八十四调,内黄钟、太簇、林钟宫声,弦中弹不出,须管色定弦。其余八十一调,皆以此三调为准,更不用管色定弦。」
⭐⭐ "管色" means the bili or another pipe — three of the pipa's eighty-four modes cannot be tuned on the strings; the pipe sets them.
⭐⭐ Across this section we have written the sheng's harmony(the only one that plays chords)and the suona's loudness(曲儿小,腔儿大)— the guan's post was accuracy: the whole ensemble's pitch began at its reed.
⭐ Its court duty is spelled out: 「筚篥在大型宫廷乐舞中通常担任领奏,筚篥出场表示乐事正式开始」; the folk guilds 「专门设置了『筚篥部』,位于妓乐十三部之首」→ ⭐⭐ in Yuan-Ming it was called 「头管」 — head pipe: the post of first among instruments.
⭐⭐ The Song: a defect became a virtue
「筚篥虽受限于『一个八度』多一点的有限音域,但其特有的浑厚低音特质,恰好契合宋代崇尚清雅自然的美学追求,因而在宫廷与市井间广受欢迎,发展成为当时最具代表性的主流乐器之一。」
⭐⭐ A narrow range is a defect elsewhere(compare the niutuiqin: narrow because it must sit against the voice)— in Song aesthetics it was exactly "refined".
⭐⭐ And the market: 「当时的筚篥作为流行乐器市场需求旺盛,市井坊间诞生了专营此类乐器的固定店铺」— ⭐ one instrument sustained a retail trade.
⭐⭐ "Grief": one instrument as the switch of homesickness
The sources describe its tone with unusual density, because the tone points one way:
Li Qi: 「旁邻闻者多叹息,远客思乡皆泪垂」 Li Yi: 「不知何处吹芦管,一夜征人尽望乡」 Bai Juyi(range): 「下声乍坠石沉重,高声忽举云飘萧」 Bai Juyi(across cultures): 「何言胡越异,闻此一同悲」
⭐⭐ Li Yi's line is the sharpest: one pipe of reed, and a whole garrison turns toward home. ⭐⭐ An instrument became the switch for a shared action.
⭐ Its nicknames are 「悲管」 and 「悲篥」— ⭐ "grief" went into the name itself.
⭐⭐ And the folk line is blunter: 「没有唢呐送不走的人,没有管子勾不住的魂」— ⭐⭐ the suona sees off the dead; the guan holds the soul.
⭐⭐ A child and an emperor
「唐代有一位宫廷筚篥乐手名为薛阳陶,在《全唐诗》中至少有七位诗人包括白居易、温庭筠等感叹过他的高超技巧。」
⭐⭐ One boy with a pipe, written into poems by seven great poets. (Bai Juyi's is titled after him —《小童薛阳陶吹筚篥歌》— and it carries the construction: 「剪削干芦插寒竹,九孔漏声五音足」, ⭐ a dry-reed reed, a cold-bamboo body, nine holes.)
⭐⭐ Even the emperor played: 「《卢氏传说》云:唐文宗善吹小管(即筚篥)」.
⭐⭐ Eastward: on the same ship as the sheng
The sheng went to Japan; the guan went in the same cargo:
「正仓院现存唐代螺钿紫檀筚篥(长 18.5 厘米),管身缠银丝,与西安唐墓出土乐俑所持形制完全一致。」
⭐⭐ And the Nara-era《教训抄》records the bili as one of the gagaku 「三管」— fixed together with the ryūteki and the shō — ⭐ pipe, flute and sheng, locked into one trio in Japanese court music.
⭐ Korea: 「12 世纪初,宋徽宗两次赠送包括筚篥在内的一系列乐器、乐谱和佾舞,高丽宫廷专设 唐乐署……形成『左唐乐(中国乐),右乡乐(本土乐)』的演奏传统」; the Korean bili changed from nine holes to eight, kept to this day.
⭐⭐ Three names, three chapters
| Name | Era | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ⭐ bili / bili / beili | Wei-Jin → Tang-Song | ⭐ a transliteration from Kuchean — still a "foreign instrument" |
| ⭐⭐ touguan | Yuan-Ming | ⭐⭐ the post of 「众器之首」in the loud bands — first among its own |
| ⭐ guan / guanzi | Qing → now | ⭐ the thing itself — already "one of ours" |
⭐⭐ Transliteration → post → thing: three names carry the whole process of a foreign instrument becoming a Chinese one.
Recap: three sentences on the guan's history
| Q | A |
|---|---|
| ⭐ Origin | ⭐⭐ a Kuchean herdsman's pipe(bone and horn · the name transliterated from Kuchean *bili*)— brought east with Lü Guang's Kuchean orchestra in 383 AD, through Liangzhou temples(Buddhist music)→ the folk |
| ⭐⭐ Tang standing | ⭐⭐ the yanyue eighty-four and twenty-eight modes were built on the bili — it was the ensemble's tuning instrument; ⭐⭐ Shen Kuo records three of the pipa's eighty-four modes 「弦中弹不出,须管色定弦」 — the whole band's pitch began at its reed |
| ⭐⭐ "Head pipe" | ⭐⭐ the lead instrument; when the bili enters, the music officially begins · first of the guilds' thirteen sections → Yuan-Ming 「头管」(first among instruments) |
| ⭐⭐ Song | ⭐⭐ a narrow range(a bit over one octave)matched the Song taste for refinement → loved at court and in the market → ⭐ specialist shops existed in the market towns |
| ⭐⭐ Tone | ⭐⭐ "grief" went into the name(悲管 · 悲篥): Li Qi's sighs and tears · ⭐⭐ Li Yi's 「一夜征人尽望乡」(one pipe = the switch that turned a garrison homeward)· Bai Juyi's 「胡越异,闻此一同悲」· the folk 「没有管子勾不住的魂」 |
| ⭐ Stars | ⭐⭐ the boy Xue Yangtao, praised by at least seven Tang poets; ⭐ Emperor Wenzong played it himself |
| ⭐⭐ Eastward | ⭐⭐ the Shōsōin keeps a Tang mother-of-pearl bili with silver wire; gagaku's 「three pipes」 = bili + ryūteki + shō; Emperor Huizong's two gifts to Korea → 「左唐乐,右乡乐」 |
| ⭐ Today | lead of Hebei wind-song · Shanxi eight suites · Xi'an drum music · ritual music; the Zhihua Temple tradition(a Ming temple)survives; sizes large/middle/small + double pipe + keyed(the large is a fourth below the small; the double pipe sounds two notes at once) |
| Bayin | wood |
The sheng carries 「harmony」 in its name; the guan carries 「grief」.
⭐⭐ One presided over "together", the other over "the soul" — the Tang-Song court gave its two heaviest posts to two reed pipes.
管子(筚篥)属气鸣乐器(双簧驱动,圆柱形管身)。传统管子八孔(前七后一)或九孔,音域约一个八度多一点——这一「缺点」恰合宋代清雅审美。今分大、中、小管及双管和加键管:大管比小管低四度,双管可同时演奏发出双音;乐队常用中音管、低音管和加键管。低音浑厚,中音响亮清脆,音量大,表现力强,尤擅悲愤激昂。记谱即实音。
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Sources
- ⭐⭐ 本页是管子的历史专题,不引入新乐器,只把散在该条里的历史线索收拢成一条主线:从龟兹牧人的乐器,到唐宋宫廷的"众器之首";⭐⭐ 它不只是一件乐器——它是隋唐宫廷的"定音标准"
- ⭐⭐ 出身(本页第一句):「筚篥,本龟兹国乐也」(唐 · 段安节《乐府杂录》);「由古代西域龟兹(今新疆库车)人发明,名称也是从古龟兹语音译来的」(龟兹语 bili / pili);⭐⭐ 「筚篥最初是龟兹牧人的乐器,与胡笳、角、笛十分相似,最初以羊骨、兽角(如羊角、牛角)、鸟骨制作,后改用竹木材质」—— ⭐ 从牧羊人的骨管,到宫廷的头管
- ⭐⭐ 传入中原的时间与事件:「公元 383 年,前秦将领吕光出征西域,带回一个龟兹乐队,『筚篥』这件乐器就此传入中原」;《隋书·音乐志下》:「龟兹者,起自吕光灭龟兹,因得其声」;⭐ 大部分学者认为筚篥在公元 382 至 384 年传入中原(日本学者林谦三认为六朝以后)→ ⭐⭐ 一件乐器跟着一支军队进了中原;⭐ 传播路径:「筚篥作为佛乐伴奏乐器,西域僧侣通过河西走廊的凉州寺院等佛寺传播佛教音乐,随《龟兹乐》《天竺乐》等胡乐进入中原寺院,再扩散至民间」
- ⭐⭐ 唐代的地位:宫廷十部乐的主要乐器:「筚篥在唐代已盛行中原,成为唐代宫廷十部乐中的主要乐器」;「隋唐宴享的胡乐中,以龟兹乐为主,此外天竺乐、疏勒乐、安国乐、高昌乐中都有筚篥」;⭐⭐ 燕乐宫调理论建立在它身上:「北宋陈旸《乐书》记载,筚篥用两根管构成,一根管可翻七个调,组合起来可实现旋宫转调。隋唐时期燕乐八十四调和燕乐二十八调都建立在筚篥这件乐器基础上,是乐队合奏时重要的定音乐器」
- ⭐⭐ "管色"定弦(本页技术含量最高的一条):北宋沈括《梦溪笔谈·乐律二》引《琵琶谱》序:「琵琶八十四调,内黄钟、太簇、林钟宫声,弦中弹不出,须管色定弦。其余八十一调,皆以此三调为准,更不用管色定弦」—— ⭐⭐ "管色"就是筚篥或笛等管类乐器 → ⭐⭐ 琵琶八十四调里有三个调弦上弹不出来,要靠管子来定 —— 一件吹管乐器是整个宫廷乐律的基准
- ⭐⭐ "头管":众器之首:「筚篥在大型宫廷乐舞中通常担任领奏,筚篥出场表示乐事正式开始」;⭐⭐ 「民间教坊还专门设置了『筚篥部』,位于妓乐十三部之首」;⭐⭐ 名称的演变:「筚篥在名称上慢慢『中华化』为『头管』。由于在鼓吹乐中具备『众器之首』的地位,在元明两代民间演奏技艺中一直沿袭『头管』称谓。后至清代,大多时候简称为『管』或『管子』」→ ⭐⭐ 名字从音译(筚篥)→ 职位(头管)→ 器物(管子):三个名字就是三段历史
- ⭐⭐ 宋代:从宫廷走向市井:「随着宋代商品经济的繁荣,市民阶层的娱乐需求催生了以瓦舍勾栏为代表的民间演艺空间」;⭐⭐ 音域的"缺点"成了优点:「筚篥虽受限于『一个八度』多一点的有限音域,但其特有的浑厚低音特质,恰好契合宋代崇尚清雅自然的美学追求,因而在宫廷与市井间广受欢迎,发展成为当时最具代表性的主流乐器之一」;⭐⭐ 市场旺盛到有专营店:「当时的筚篥作为流行乐器市场需求旺盛,市井坊间诞生了专营此类乐器的固定店铺」
- ⭐⭐ 音色的"悲"(文献最密集的一条):「筚篥音色十分悲凉凄怆」—— 李颀《听安万善吹觱篥歌》:「旁邻闻者多叹息,远客思乡皆泪垂」;⭐ 别称「悲管」「悲篥」;⭐ 白居易形容它的音域:「下声乍坠石沉重,高声忽举云飘萧」;⭐⭐ 最著名的一句是李益的:「不知何处吹芦管,一夜征人尽望乡」—— ⭐ 一件乐器成了一个共同动作的开关(全军望乡);⭐⭐ 白居易还有一句跨文化的:「何言胡越异,闻此一同悲」—— 胡越之人听同一支筚篥一起悲伤;⭐ 民间说:「没有唢呐送不走的人,没有管子勾不住的魂」→ ⭐⭐ 唢呐管生死,管子管魂
- ⭐⭐ 形制与材料演变:「最初的筚篥由兽角或兽骨制成,随着历史发展出现了木、竹子、芦苇、杨树皮等材料制作的筚篥,也存在象牙和金属制作的筚篥」;⭐ 唐代乐人用杨树皮或桃皮制成哨嘴,出现了「杨皮筚篥」和「桃皮筚篥」;⭐ 「还有一些乐人通过改变筚篥管身长短和数量,制作了大筚篥、小筚篥、双管筚篥等不同类型」;⭐ 白居易记形制:《小童薛阳桃吹筚篥歌》「剪削干芦插寒竹,九孔漏声五音足」(哨是干芦、管是寒竹、九孔)依专题类资料
- ⭐⭐ 演奏家与一位小童:「这一阶段,涌现出了许多擅长筚篥演奏的音乐家,如尉迟青、安万善、董庭兰、李龟年等等」;⭐⭐ 薛阳陶:「唐代有一位宫廷筚篥乐手名为薛阳陶,在《全唐诗》中至少有七位诗人包括白居易、温庭筠等感叹过他的高超技巧」—— ⭐ 一个吹筚篥的小童,被七位大诗人写进诗里;⭐⭐ 连皇帝都吹:「《卢氏传说》云:唐文宗善吹小管(即筚篥)」
- ⭐⭐ 东传日本与朝鲜(与笙同一条船):「在日本遣隋使和遣唐使带回我国的音乐艺术和社会文化过程中,筚篥传入日本,成为日本雅乐队的主奏乐器」;⭐⭐ 正仓院实物:「正仓院现存唐代螺钿紫檀筚篥(长 18.5 厘米),管身缠银丝,与西安唐墓出土乐俑所持形制完全一致」;⭐⭐ 日本雅乐"三管":奈良时代《教训抄》记载筚篥作为雅乐『三管』之一,与龙笛、笙构成固定组合—— ⭐ 管子、笛、笙三件吹管,在日本雅乐里锁死成一套;⭐ 朝鲜:「12 世纪初,宋徽宗两次赠送包括筚篥在内的一系列乐器、乐谱和佾舞,高丽宫廷专设唐乐署,将宋赐乐器编入《乐学轨范》,形成『左唐乐(中国乐),右乡乐(本土乐)』的演奏传统」;朝鲜筚篥九孔改为八孔沿用至今
- ⭐⭐ 今天的管子:「当代的管子是从唐朝筚篥演变而来的较完善的吹奏乐器」;「管子构造由管哨、侵子和圆柱形管身三部分组成,音色响亮、清脆、音量大,表现力很强」;⭐ 「常用于河北吹歌、冀东吵子会、山西八大套、西安鼓乐等民间器乐合奏、民族乐队、戏曲乐队和宗教音乐中」;⭐⭐ 智化寺京音乐:国家级非遗「智化寺京音乐代表性传承人胡庆学」演奏筚篥《清江引》—— ⭐ 明代太监王振舍宅建的寺院,保存了一件十七簧笙(见The sheng's harmony and free reed)与一批乐僧,管笙同堂
- ⭐⭐ 分声部:「悲栗有分大、中、小管及双管和加键管等种类。大管比小管低四度,双管可同时演奏发出双音」;⭐ 「经过改革,现代管子分大、中、小及双管、加键管等多种形制,在乐队中常使用中音管、低音管和加键管」;⭐ 「该乐器流行于中国各地,为汉族、维吾尔族、朝鲜族等多民族所共同喜爱和使用」依百科类资料
- 「管子属八音中的木(管身多为木制或竹制)」依通行资料
Used for fact-checking only; all prose is original.